toxintechnology公司于1984年成立，目的是向工业界和科学界提供的葡萄球菌毒素和抗毒素。此外，Toxin Technology公司成立是为了检测食品和培养上清液中是否存在葡萄球菌毒素。ToxinTech的创始人R.F.Reiser医生和R.H.Deibel医生是外派人员。 TS在各自领域的葡萄球菌研究公司成立时。Reiser博士在葡萄球菌肠杆菌的纯化和鉴定方面有丰富的经验。 是毒素休克综合征毒素的。Deibel博士是威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校细菌系的主席，他也曾在那里做过。 食品中葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌生长及其毒素在动物模型中作用的研究。副总裁兼实验室PaulBina于19岁加入Tox技术公司。 工作人员已增加到8名雇员，其中包括4名板凳科学家。Toxin Technology的生产线已扩大到包括由链球菌和大肠杆菌生产的毒素。兔和羊制备的多克隆抗体可用于大多数 e毒素和小鼠单克隆抗体正在加入，因为他们可以使用。ToxinTech的服务部门现在包括检测额外的细菌毒素和霉菌毒素以及Perfor。 明血清中存在抗葡萄球菌和链球菌毒素的抗体。合同研究服务可用于毒素生产和毒素产品挑战研究领域。这些研究 ES可以根据良好的实验室实践标准(GLPS)进行。toxintechnology目标是是为科学界提供尽可能高质量的毒素和相关产品。在服务方面，我们的政策是提供 对细菌毒素和霉菌毒素进行快速、灵敏和有效的检测。

 

 

TOXINS产品目录 

 

TOXINS AND DERIVATIVES ^{1, 2, 3, 4*}                                             

Highly  Purified  Staphylococcal  Enterotoxins
Name	Catalog #	Sizes	Name	Catalog #	Sizes
SEA	AT101	100 µg	SEE	ET404	100 µg
SEB	BT202	1 mg	SEH	SEH-1	1 mg
SEC1	CT111	5 mg	SEJ	SEJ-1	5 mg
SEC2	CT222	10 mg	SEK	SEK-1	10 mg
SEC3	CT333		TSST-1	TT606
SED	DT303		ExfoliativeToxin A	ST101
Endotoxin Minimized Enterotoxins Available Upon Request (< 1 EU/mg) Inquire

 

Recombinant Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (rSEs)
rSEA	rAT101		rSED	rDT303
rSEB	rBT202		rSEE	rET404
rSEC-3	rCT333		rTSST-1	rTT606

 

¹Toxin grades are partially purified or highly purified.  None are pure and all contain other

  substances that co-purify and can be detected using improved or very sensitive methods.

² These reagents are intended for laboratory and research purposes only. They are not

   intended for human or veterinary drug use.

³  Minimum U.S. order $50.00, Min. International $250.00. Terms are net 30 days; U.S. dollars only.

⁴ The U.S. DOC requires Export Licenses for ALL Staph & Shiga Toxins.

Toxin Technology Assumes No Liability for the Use of these Products.

Highly  Purified  Staphylococcal  Enterotoxins Endotoxin Reduced < 5 EU per mg.
Name	Catalog #
SEA	AT101red		SEE	ET404red
SEB	BT202red		SEH	SEH-1red
SEC1	CT111red		SEJ	SEJ-1red
SEC2	CT222red		SEK	SEK-1red
SEC3	CT333red		TSST-1	TT606red
SED	DT303red		Exfoliative Toxin A	ST101red
Further Endotoxin Reduction Available Upon Request (< 1 EU/mg) Inquire

 

Recombinant Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (rSEs)
rSEA	rAT101red		rSED	rDT303red
rSEB	rBT202red		rSEE	rET404red
rSEC-3	rCT333red		rTSST-1	rTT606red
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Toxoids (SE-X)
SEA-X	AT101-X		SEB-X	BT202-X
Other Toxoids Can Be Prepared Upon Request

 

Partially Purified Staphylococcal Enterotoxins
Name	Catalog #			Name	Catalog #
SEA	AP101			SED	DP303
SEB	BP202			SEE	EP404
SEC’s	CP1, 2, 3			TSST-1	TP606
Other Partially Purified Toxins can be Prepared on Request.
Biotinylated  Staphylococcal  Enterotoxins
Name		Catalog #		Name		Catalog #
SEA		AT101-B		SEE		ET404-B
SEB		BT202-B		TSST-1		TT606-B
SEC’s		CT1, 2, 3-B		ExfoliativeToxin  A		ST101-B
SED		DT303-B
Other Products Can be Biotinylated on Request
Staphylococcal  Thermonuclease
Quantity			Catalog  #’s		250 µ-molar units		SN250
5000 µ-molar  units			SN5000		500 µ-molar units		SN500
Staphylococcal  Hemolysins
Description			Catalog  #		Description
Alpha Hemolysin – partially purified			HP101	BHP1	Beta Hemolysin – partially purified
Alpha Hemolysin – highly purified			HT101	BHT1	Beta Hemolysin – highly purified
Staphylococcal Peptidoglycan
Description			Catalog  #
Staphylococcal peptidoglycan			STPG1

 

 

ANTISERA

RABBIT

 

Staphylococcal  Antitoxins
Name	Catalog #		Name			Catalog #
Anti – SEA	AS101		Anti – SED			DS303
Anti – SEB	BS202		Anti – SEE			ES404
Anti – SEC1	CS111		Anti – SEH			SEHS – 1
Anti – SEC2	CS222		Anti – TSST-1			TS606
Anti – SEC3	CS333		Anti – DNase			NS101
Affinity Purified	IgG            IgG  HRPO  Conj.   IgG Biotinylated
Name	Catalog # IgG			Catalog # HRPO			Catalog # Biotinylated
Anti – SEA	LAI101			LAC101			BAC101
Anti – SEB	LBI202			LBC202			BBC202
Anti – SEC	LCI111			LCC111			BCC111
Anti – SED	LDI303			LDC303			BDC303
Anti – SEE	LEI404			LEC404			BEC404
Anti – SEH	LSEHI-1			LSEHC-1			BHC-1
Anti – TSST-1	LTI101			LTC101			BTC101
Anti – DNase	LNI101			LNC101			BNC101

 

Normal Rabbit Serum Tested to be Free of Antibodies to SEA-E & TSST-1
Cat. # NRS-5	5 mL		Cat. # NRS-10	10 mL

 

 

ANTISERA

SHEEP

 

Staphylococcal  Antitoxins
Name			Catalog #		Name			Catalog #
Anti – SEA			SAS101		Anti – SEE			SES404
Anti – SEB			SBS202		Anti – TSST-1			STS606
Anti – SEC1			SCS111		Anti – Exfoliative toxin  A			SSS101
Anti – SEC2			SCS222		Anti – Alpha-hemolysin			SHS101
Anti – SEC3			SCS333		Anti – DNase			SNS101
Anti – SED			SDS303
	Affinity Purified	IgG				IgG  HRPO Conj.			IgG Biotinylated
	Name	Cat. #				Cat. #			Cat. #
	Anti – SEA	SLAI101				SLAC101			SBAC101
	Anti – SEB	SLBI202				SLBC202			SBBC202
	Anti – SEC	SLCI111				SLCC111			SBCC111
	Anti – SED	SLDI303				SLDC303			SBDC303
	Anti – SEE	SLEI404				SLEC404			SBEC404
	Anti – TSST-1	SLTI101				SLTC101			SBTC101
	Anti – ET-A	SLSI505				SLSC505			SBSC505
	Anti – DNase	SLNI101				SLNC101			SBNC101
	Anti- α-Hemolysin	SLHI101				SLHC101			SBHC

 

 

 

Murine Monoclonal Antibodies to the Staph Toxins

 

MA108             Anti-SEA, γ2b, Xreacts with SEE. Overlaps Zn++ MHC binding site,

                          requires Zn++ for binding. (Kappler & Marrack)                 1mg

 

MBI202             Prepared against Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B                   1mg   

                          IgG; Reactivity: Anti-SEB & SEC.

 

MB344             Anti-SEB, γ1, 6.0 nM, Not overlapping with the SEB MHC or TCR

                          interaction site (Kappler & Marrack)                                    1mg   

 

MB327   Anti-SEB, γ2b, 95 nM, Not overlapping with the SEB MHC or TCR

                          interaction site (Kappler & Marrack)                                    1mg   

 

MB2B33           Anti-SEB, γ1, 5.2 nM, Overlaps with the SEB MHC interaction site.

                          (Kappler & Marrack)                                                             1mg   

 

MB87      Anti-SEB, γ1, 9.3 nM, Overlaps with the SEB TCR interaction site.

                          (Kappler & Marrack)                                                             1mg   

 

MC165             Anti-SEC, γ1, Reacts with SEC₁ (1.5nM) > SEC₃ (20nM) > SEC₂ (75nM)

                          (Kappler & Marrack)                                                             1mg   

 

MCTS-1            Prepared against Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1                1mg   

                          (Formerly Cat. # TS-2) IgG; Reactivity: Anti-TSST-1.

 

 

Streptococcal Reagents

 

Streptococcal  pyrogenic  exotoxins   ( SPE ), Native		SPE, Recombinant (rSPE)
Name	Catalog  #	rSPE-A (Allele-1)	rPTA111
SPE-B	PTB222	rSPE-C	rPTC333

 

 

Streptococcal  antitoxins
Name	Catalog  #				Source
Anti-SPE-A	PSA111				sheep
Anti-SPE-A	RPSA1				rabbit
Anti-SPE-B	PSB222				rabbit
Anti-SPE-C	PSC333				rabbit
Affinity Purified		IgG Rabbit			IgG  HRPO  Conjugate
Name		Catalog #			Catalog #
Anti – SPE-A		PAI111			PAC111
Anti – SPE-B		PBI222			PBC222
Anti – SPE-C		PCI333			PCC333

 

 

Streptococcal Peptidoglycan
Description	Catalog  #	Quantity
Streptococcal peptidoglycan	SRPG1	10 mg

 

 

 

 

 

Shigatoxin (Verotoxin) Reagents

 

Monoclonal Antibodies (Murine)

 

STX1-9C9     1mg     

 

                       Reference: Padhye, V.V. et al. 1989. J. Med. Microbiol. 30:219-226.

                       Reported Specificity: VT-1; A,A1,B, Neutralizing; VT-2; A,A1,

                                                          Non-neutralizing. Isotype, IgG₁

 

STX1-3C10    1mg     

 

                        Reference: Same as above.

                        Reported Specificity: Same as above. Isotype, IgG₁

 

STX1-10D11   1mg    

 

                        Reference: Same as above.

                        Reported Specificity: VT-1; A,A1,B, Neutralizing; VT-2; A,A1,B,

                                                           Non-neutralizing. Isotype, IgG₂b

 

STX2-BB12   1mg    

 

                       Reference: Pouch Downes, F. et al. 1988. Infection & Immunity. 56:1926-

                                          1933.

                       Reported Specificity: VT-2; B, Neutralizing. The clone was received as

                                                          BB-12; some researchers report that it does not react

                                                          the same as the original “BB12” MAb. Isotype, IgG₁

 

STX1-13C4   1mg      

 

                      Reference: Strockbine N.A. et al 1985. Infection & Immunity. 50:695-700.

                      Reported Specificity: VT-1; B, Neutralizing.

                      Note: This MAb can be purchased and used for research purposes only, it is

                                 Not to be used for any commercial purposes and is limited by the

                                 Licensee to a maximum of 5mg per purchase. Isotype, IgG₁ κ

 

STX2-11E10  1mg     

 

                        Reference: Perera, L.F. et al. 1988. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:2127-2131.

                        Reported Specificity: VT-2, Neutralizing(+/-)

                        Note: The same use conditions as STX1-13C4 apply to this MAb

                             Isotype, IgG₁ κ

 

 

 

Shigatoxin Reagents, Continued

 

Pooled Monoclonal Antibodies

 

STXPI-1        1mg      Pool of MAb 9C9, 3C10, 10D11 & BB12

 

STXPC-1       0.5mL  Pooled MAb IgG-HRPO Conjugate            

 

BSTXPC-1    0.5mL Pooled MAb IgG-Biotin Conjugate            

 

Shigatoxins (STX, Verotoxins, VT)          

 

STX-1 (Formerly, SLT-1) Partially Purified Shigatoxin-1*     0.5 mg    

 

STX-2 (Formerly, SLT-2) Partially Purified Shigatoxin-2*     0.5 mg     

 

* At least 10 ⁷ Verocytotoxic units/mg.

 

 

 

Ricin Reagents

 

RCAX-1            Ricin (RCA 60) Toxoid                                                       1 mg

LRCAI-1           Anti-Ricin, Polyclonal Rabbit IgG                                       1 mg  

 

LRCAC-1         Anti-Ricin IgG-HRPO                                                        0.5 mL

 

 

Abrin Reagents

 

ABR-1               Abrin Toxin (Mixed Isomers)                                              1 mg

 

ABRX-1            Abrin Toxoid                                                                        1 mg

 

AABR-1            Anti-Abrin (Inquire)

 

 

 

Listeria Monocytogenes typing antibodies

 

General technical information

 

 

These antibody reagents have been developed in rabbits and are specific for

the somatic and flagellar antigens of Listeria monocytogenes.  They may be

used to identify and characterize different serotypes of L. monocytogenes.  

The reagents are sold in a lyophilized form and are under vacuum.  In this

            evacuated, freeze-dried form, the antibodies are stable for several years when

            stored at – 20 ⁰C or lower.

 

To rehydrate the antibody reagents, it is recommended to add an equivalent

volume of deionized water (usually l ml) to the vial, then aliquot the content to

convenient working volumes and freeze any of the aliquots which will not be

used within several days.  The shelf life of the rehydrated reagent is

            approximay one week at 4 ⁰C and one year at – 20  ⁰C.

 

To prepare an aliquot of rehydrated reagent for use in the FDA-BAM serological

            typing procedure, dilute the reagent to the recommended dilution with PBS-

           Tween (0.01 M phosphate, 0.9 % NaCl, 0.05 % Tween-20, pH to 7.4) The diluted

working reagent should be used within 8 hours.

 

 

 

           

Listeria monocytogenes serotyping reagents:

 

                       Somatic Groups

 

Serotype (O – antigens)

 

   anti – O1a (1) cat. no. LMO1

 

   anti – O1a (1,2) cat. no. LMO12

 

   anti – O3a (4) cat. no. LMO3

 

   anti – O4a (7,9) cat. no. LMO4A

 

   anti – O4b (6) cat. no. LMO4B6

 

   anti – O4b (5,6) cat. no. LMO4B56

 

   anti – O4d (8) cat. no. LMO4D

 

 

 

 

                         Flagellar Groups

 

Flagellar antigen

 

   anti – HA cat. no. LMHA

 

   anti – HC cat. no. LMHC

 

   anti – HD cat. no. LMHD

 

Sold in Individual 1 mL Units or in Set of 1 mL each.

 

The Listeria monocytogenes serotyping reagents are absorbed,

hyper-immune rabbit serum products.  These products are used

in the FDA-BAM serotyping procedure

 

 

TEST SERVICES – DESCRIPTION AND PRICES

           

Bacterial Toxins                                                            Mycotoxins

                                                           

– Total aflatoxins, B’s and G’s                        – Aflatoxin M1                                            – Zearalenone                                                    – Vomitoxin                                                       – T-2 toxin                                                         – Fumonisin                                                                           – Ochratoxin A                                                                      – Sterigmatocystin                                                                 – Patulin                                                                                          Serotyping          – Salmonella                                                      – Listeria                                                           – E. coli                                                             Staphylococcal Exoproteins       -Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxins                       – Serum sample (TSST-1 Titer)*                      – Paired sera, acute and          convalescent (TSST-1Titer)*                      – isolate (toxin panel) A-E & TSST-1                                  – DNase (ELISA)                                                                   – Coagulase                                                        – Mitogenicity (TC)                                    – Exfoliative Toxin A (ELISA)                         – IgE Titer (SEs/TSST-1)*                         -IgG Titer (SEA,B,Cs,D,E&TSST-1)*                               Toxicology In vivo acute toxicology (mouse)                   In vitro cytotoxicity with various        cell lines                                                    *Serologies are for investigative purposes only, not for    human diagnostic use.    TOX TECH is NOT a CLIA LICENSED FACILITY.

Staphylococcal enterotoxins

      – FDA-BAM Screen (no typing)                

           – Confirmation (ELISA-typing)                              – Confirmation & Quantitation          

           – Confirmation (Microslide)              

     

                                                                                      Escherichia coli toxicology/pathology

       – verotoxins (shiga-like toxins)

             – ELISA (no typing)                                                

             – ELISA (typing)                                

             – Tissue culture (TC)                                         

             – Labile enterotoxin (RPLA)                                   – invasiveness / adherence (TC)     

     

Streptococcal Toxins

      – pyrotoxins A,B, and C (ELISA)             

 

Bacillus cereus toxins

      – diarrheal enterotoxin (ELISA)                    –          emetic enterotoxin (TC)

                           Inquire

 

Clostridial toxins

    – perfringens alpha toxin (enzyme)           

    – perfringens enterotoxin (RPLA)             

    – botulinal toxin screen (FDA)                   

    – botulinal toxin typing (FDA)                   

    

     Miscellaneous Toxins

Paralytic shellfish toxin, i.e.,                          

    Saxitoxin (mouse)                                       

    Saxitoxin (ELISA)                                      

                               

Endotoxin

     -Qualitative   (Limulus)                               

     -Quantitative (Limulus)                            

 

 

 

References

 

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins:

1. Bergdoll, M.S. and A.C.L. Wong Staphylococcal intoxications. In Foodborne Infections and Intoxications 3e. Chapter 14. (2006) Elsevier, Inc.

 

1. Bergdoll, M.S. Enterotoxins. In Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections, 2. (1983) Academic

               Press,  London. (SEA-E)

 

1. Freed, R.C., M.L. Evenson, R.F. Reiser & M.S. Bergdoll. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins  in

       Foods. (1982)  Appl.  Environ. Microbiol. 44:1349-55.

       

1. Bergdoll, M.S. et al. A New Staphylococcal Enterotoxin, Enterotoxin F, Associated with Toxic-

        Shock-Syndrome Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates. (1981) Lancet. 1017-21.

        

         5. Munson, S.H. et al. Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types G and

             I from  Staphylococcus aureus. (1998) Infection and Immunity. 66:3337-48.

 

         6.  Su, Y.-C. and A.C.L. Wong. Identification and Purification of a New Staphylococcal Enterotoxin,

              H. (1995) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1438-43.

       

1. Zhang, S. et al. The Enterotoxin D plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus encodes a second               

       enterotoxin determinant (SEJ). (1998) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 168(2):227-33.

 

          8.  Owen, P.M. et al. Biochemical and Biological Properties of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin K. (2001)

       Infection & Immunity. 69:360-366.

 

  9.  SEL, Dr. Pat Schlievert’s Group (Unpublished)

 

 10. Jarraud, S. et al. egc, A Highly Preventive Operon of Enterotoxin Gene, Forms a Putative Nursery

       of  Superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. 2001. J. Immunology. 166:669-677. An Erratum to

       this article was published in J. Immunology 166:4259. (SEM, N & O)

 

 11. Reiser, R.F. et al. Purification and Some Physicochemical Properties of Toxic-Shock-Toxin. (1983)

        Biochemistry. 22: 3907-12. (TSST-1)

 

12. Reiser, R.F. et al. Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus  Restricted to Endogenous Air in Tampons. (1987)  J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:1450-52.

 

13. Schlievert, P.M. et al. Identification an Characterization of an Exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Toxic-Shock Syndrome. (1981) Infect. Dis.143:509-516. [This the first reference to Pyrogenic Exotoxin C. (PEC, aka SEF & TSST-1)]

 

        14. Schlievert, P.M. & J.A. Kelly. Staphylococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C: Further Characterization.

              (1982) Ann. Intern. Med. 96(6 pt. 2):982-986

 

 

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins as Superantigens:

 

             1.  Taranta, A. Lymphocyte Mitogens of  Staphylococcal Origin. (1974) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.

                   236:362-375.

            

             2.  White, J. et al. The Vß-Specific Superantigen Enterotoxin B: Stimulation of Mature T Cells and

                  Clonal  Deletion in Neonatal Mice. (1989) Cell. 56:27-35. [Note: This is the 1st paper to use the term

                                                                                        Superantigen!]

           

             3.  Marrack, P. & J. Kappler. The Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and Their Relatives. (1990)

                   Science. 248705-711.

 

             4.  Johnson H. et al. Superantigens in Human Disease. (1992) Scientific American. April: 92-101.

            

             5.  Hudson, K.R. et al. Two Adjacent Residues in Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A and E

                  Determine T Cell Receptor Vß Specificity. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 177:175-184.

 

             6.  Kotb, M. Bacterial Pyrogenic Exotoxins as Superantigens. (1995) Clin. Microbiol. Rev.

                  8:411-426.

 

             7.  Proft,T. & J. Fraser. Superantigens: Just Like Peptides Only Different. (1998) J. Clin. Immunol.

                  Bernal, A. et al. 19:149-157.

            

             8.  Al-Daccak, R. et al. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin D Is a Promiscuous Superantigen Offering   

                   Multiple Modes of Interactions with the MHC Class II Receptors. (1998) J. Immunology.

                   160: 225-232.

 

             9.  Jarraud, S. et al. egc, A Highly Prevalent of Enterotoxin Gene, Forms a Putative  Nursery of

                  Superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. (2001) J. Immunology. 166: 669-677.

 

            10.  LeClaire, R.D. and S. Bavari. Human Antibodies to Bacterial Superantigens and Their Ability

                   To Inhibit T-Cell Activation and Lethality. (2001) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

                    45; 460-463.

 

 

Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxins as  Superantigens

 

1. Imanishi, K. et al. Activation of Murine T-Cells by Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin Type A.

       Requirement for MHC Class II Molecules on Accessory Cells and Identification of Vβ Elements in

       T-Cell Receptor of Toxin-reactive T-Cells. (1990) J. Immunol. 145:3170-3176.

 

             2.  Li, P-L. et al. The Superantigen Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C (SPE-C) Exhibits a Novel

                  Mode of Action. (1997) J. Exp. Med. 186:375-383.

 

             3.  McCormick, J.K. et al. Functional Characterization of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin J,

                  a Novel Superantigen. (2001) Infection and Immunity 69:1381-1388.

 

 

Shiga Toxin & Monoclonal Antibodies to SLT-1 & 2

 

 

              1.   Strockbine, N.A. et al. Characterization of  Monoclonal Antibodies against Shiga-Like Toxin

                    from Escherichia coli. 1985. Infection and Immunity. 50:695-700.

 

               2.  Pouch Downes, F. et al. Affinity Purification and Characterization of Shiga-Like Toxin II and

                    Production of toxin-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Infection and Immunity. 56:1926-1933.

 

3. Perera, L.P. et al. Isolation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Shiga-Like

       Toxin II of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in a

       Colony Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. 1988. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:2127-213

 

4. Padhye, V.V. et al. Production and Characterization  of Monoclonal Antibodies to Verotoxins

                     1 and 2 from Escherichia coli of Serotype O 157:H7. 1989. J. Med. Micro. 30:219-226.

 

Bioterrorism & Bacterial Toxins

 

               1. Christopher, G.W., et al. Biological Warfare—A Historical Perspective. 1997.

                   JAMA. 278:412-417.

 

               2.  Franz, D.R., et al. Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological

                    Agents. 1997. JAMA. 278:399-411.

 

               3.  Schmitt, C.K. et al. Bacterial Toxins: Friends or Foes? 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases.

                    5:224-234.

 

               4.  Greenfield, R.A., et al. Microbiological, Biological, and Chemical Weapons of Warfare and

                    Terrorism. 2002. Am. J. Med. Sci. 323:326-340.

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